|
Rafael Leónidas Trujillo Molina ((:rafaˈel leˈoniðas tɾuˈxiʝo); 24 October 1891 – 30 May 1961), nicknamed El Jefe (, The Chief or The Boss), ruled the Dominican Republic from February 1930 until his assassination in May 1961. He served as president from 1930 to 1938 and again from 1942 to 1952, ruling for the rest of the time as an unelected military strongman under figurehead presidents.〔Rafael Estrella from 3 March 1930 to 16 August 1930; Jacinto Peynado from 16 August 1938 to 7 March 1940; Manuel Troncoso from 7 March 1940 to 18 May 1942; Héctor Trujillo from 16 August 1952 to 3 August 1960; Joaquín Balaguer from 3 August 1960 until 16 January 1962, 8 months after Trujillo's death〕 His 31 years in power, to Dominicans known as the Trujillo Era (), are considered one of the bloodiest eras ever in the Americas, as well as a time of a personality cult, when monuments to Trujillo were in abundance. It has been estimated that Trujillo was responsible for the death of more than 50,000 people, including possibly as many as 10,000 in the Parsley Massacre.〔Crassweller mentions those estimates and adds that "a figure of 15,000 to 20,000 would be reasonable, but this is guesswork". Robert D. Crasweller, ''The Life and Times of a Caribbean Dictator'', New York, The Macmillan Company, 1966, p. 156.〕〔Lauro Capdevila, ''La dictature de Trujillo : République dominicaine, 1930–1961'', Paris, L'Harmattan, 1998〕〔Roorda mentions 12,000 as a likely figure. Eric Paul Roorda, "Genocide Next Door: The Good Neighbor Policy, the Trujillo Regime, and the Haitian Massacre of 1937" in ''Diplomatic History'', Vol 20, Issue 3, July 1996, p. 301.〕 The Trujillo era unfolded in a Latin American environment that was particularly fertile for dictatorial regimes.〔Jésus de Galindez points out in the introduction of his book ''La Era de Trujillo'' that "In this summer of 1955, half the Latin American republics are ruled by dictatorships, most of them of the military type".Jésus de Galindez, ''L'Ère de Trujillo'', Gallimard, Paris, 1962, p. 15 (Translation of ''La Era de Trujillo'', Santiago de Chile, 1956〕 In the countries of the Caribbean basin alone, his dictatorship was concurrent, in whole or in part, with those in Cuba, Nicaragua, Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Venezuela, Colombia, and Haiti. In retrospect, the Trujillo dictatorship has been characterized as more naked, more achieved, and more brutal than those that rose and fell around it.〔Lauro Capdevilla, ''La dictature de Trujillo, République dominicaine, 1930-1961'', L'Harmattan, Paris, Montreal 1998, p. 10.〕 Trujillo's rule brought the country a great deal of stability and prosperity throughout his 30 year reign. The price, however, was high—civil liberties were nonexistent and human rights violations were routine. Due to the longevity of Trujillo's rule, a detached evaluation of his legacy is difficult. Supporters of Trujillo claim that he reorganized both the state and the economy, and left vast infrastructure to the country. His detractors point to the brutality of his rule, and also claim that much of the country's wealth wound up in the hands of his family or close associates. ==Early life== Rafael Leonidas Trujillo Molina was born in San Cristobal, Dominican Republic within a lower-middle-class family,〔Rafael Trujillo. (). 2015. The History Channel website. Available from: http://www.history.com/topics/rafael-trujillo (14 May 2015 ).〕 to José "Pepito Trujillo Valdez,〔 He was born out of wedlock, the son of José Trujillo Monagas, a Spaniard who worked for the secret police during the 4-year-long Spanish occupation of the Dominican Republic in the early 1860s. He was later chief of police of Havana, Cuba, before returning to Spain after the Spanish-American War. José (Pepito) Trujillo's mother was Silveria Valdez Méndez, of San Cristobal. Galindez, p. 32). 〕 whose father was a Spaniard sergeant〔 and Altagracia Julia Molina Chevalier, later known as ''Mamá Julia'', whose mother was of Franco-Haitian and Mulatto Haitian origin. He was the third of eleven children;〔〔 His siblings were Virgilio TRUJILLO (24 July 1887 – 29 July 1967), Flérida Marina TRUJILLO (10 August 1888 – 13 February 1976), Rosa María Julieta TRUJILLO (5 April 1893 – 23 October 1980), José Arismendy "Petán" TRUJILLO (4 October 1895 – 6 May 1969), Amable Romero "Pipi" TRUJILLO (14 August 1896 – 19 September 1970), Luisa Nieves TRUJILLO (4 August 1899 – 25 January 1977), Julio Aníbal "Bonsito" TRUJILLO (16 October 1900 – 2 December 1948), Pedro Vetilio "Pedrito" TRUJILLO (27 January 1902 – 14 March 1981), Ofelia Japonesa TRUJILLO (26 May 1905 – 4 February 1978) and Héctor Bienvenido "Negro" TRUJILLO (6 April 1908 – 19 October 2002).〕 he also had an adopted brother, Luis Rafael "Nene" (21 January 1935 – 14 August 2005), who was raised in the home of Trujillo Molina.〔 In 1897, at the age of six, Trujillo was registered in the school of Juan Hilario Meriño. One year later he transferred to the school of Broughton, where he became a pupil of Eugenio María de Hostos, and remained there for the rest of his primary schooling. At the age of 16 Trujillo got a job as a telegraph operator, which he held for about three years. Shortly after Trujillo turned to crime; stealing cattle, counterfeiting checks, and postal robbery, a crime for which he spent several months in prison. This would not deter Trujillo, as he would later form a violent gang of robbers called the "42".〔Diederich 1978, p. 13.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Rafael Trujillo」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|